Stone of Other Hills - 6 Points of Experience Sharing in Emergency Management in Japan

Japan is located at the junction of the Eurasian plate, the Philippine plate, and the Pacific plate, and is located in the Pacific Ring Volcanic Belt. Typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis, heavy rain, and other disasters are extremely common. It is one of the countries that are prone to natural disasters in the world. In the long-term struggle against disasters, Japan has achieved remarkable results in emergency management, especially in disaster prevention and mitigation, with sound laws and regulations, well-developed institutions, smooth mechanisms, good publicity, and effective protection and prevention of all types of emergencies. A comprehensive set of comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction countermeasure mechanisms are summarized in the following six main characteristics, which are well worth learning from our country.
I. Sound legal system for emergency management
Faced with the severe challenges of various disasters, especially natural disasters, Japan attaches great importance to disaster prevention and disaster reduction. After continuous review and improvement, it has formed an emergency management system with distinctive characteristics and remarkable results.
In terms of preventing and responding to disasters, Japan has adhered to "legislative precedence" and established a sound legal system for emergency management. The state promulgated the "Aid for Disaster Relief" and the "Basic Law for Disaster Prevention." The Basic Law for Disaster Prevention stipulates disaster prevention concepts, objectives, disaster prevention organization system, disaster prevention planning, disaster prevention, disaster emergency response measures, post-disaster restoration, fiscal and financial measures, and emergency disasters. It is Japan's disaster prevention. The fundamental law for fighting disasters is known as the "resistance constitution." According to the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures, Japan also promulgated laws and regulations such as the "River and River Law," "Coastal Law," and "Sand Control Law." At present, Japan has formulated 227 laws and regulations for emergency management (disaster prevention and disaster relief and emergency). Local governments, such as the "Basic Regulations on Disaster Prevention Measures" and other local regulations have been formulated at the capital, road, government, and county (provincial level) levels. The promulgation and implementation of a series of laws and regulations has significantly improved the level of Japan’s response to various disasters. In order to ensure that laws are in place, Japan requires governments at all levels to formulate specific disaster prevention plans (preplans), basic plans for disaster prevention, disaster prevention business plans, and regional disaster prevention plans, and to detail the governments at lower and higher levels, various government departments, and social organizations. Citizens' responsibilities and tasks for disaster prevention have clearly defined the operational mechanisms between them, and they have been regularly trained and constantly revised and improved, effectively enhancing the pertinence and operability of emergency plans.
Second, the emergency management organization system is scientifically rigorous
Japan has established a central government, metropolitan and prefectural (provincial) governments, and cities, towns, and villages. The government is mainly responsible for the classification and management of firefighting, land and transportation, and other related departments, and is closely coordinated with the Disaster Prevention Agency's comprehensive and coordinated emergency management organization system. The State has set up a “Disaster Prevention Committee” to be responsible for formulating a national disaster prevention basic plan, related policies, and guidelines. The Cabinet House is responsible for coordination and liaison. The chairman of the "Central Disaster Prevention Committee" is the Prime Minister. Its members include the chairman of the National Public Security Commission, ministers of relevant departments, and public institutions such as Red Cross, NTT Telecom, radio, radio, and related scholars in the research industry. When a large-scale disaster occurs, the central government establishes the "Most Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters." When a major disaster occurs, the central government establishes the "Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters", which is headed by the Prime Minister. Prefectural and Prefectural governments have a disaster prevention bureau (under the category of Crisis Management Division) responsible for formulating local disaster prevention plans and comprehensively coordinating disaster prevention work in their jurisdictions. The "Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters" is set up when a large-scale disaster occurs within the area under the jurisdiction of the Governor. Each municipality also has a corresponding agency responsible for the implementation of the disaster prevention plan of the central and local governments and is the main body of disaster response. Under normal circumstances, the higher level government mainly provides support for work guidance, technology, and funding to the next level of government and does not directly participate in management. When natural disasters and other emergencies occur, the "Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters", which is headed by the government's chief commander, is set up to organize and direct the power of the area under its authority for emergency handling. In addition to earthquakes, higher levels of government usually provide assistance based on the application of the next level of government.
Third, establish a unified leadership, coordinated and orderly giant extinguishment emergency mechanism
The Japanese government has adopted a series of laws and regulations such as the “Agreement between Fire and Self-Defense Forces for Mutual Assistance in Large-Scale Disasters” and established a cross-region plum working mechanism, emergency rescue mechanism for fire fighting, police, and the Self-Defense Forces, and strengthened central and local governments, departments, and departments. The strength of unified command, division of labor and cooperation. In the event of a catastrophic event, the Prime Minister set up a disaster management headquarters to improve operational efficiency and unified dispatch and command.
The first is to establish a cross-regional anti-disaster mechanism. Before the Great Hanshin Earthquake, only 18 Dofu prefectures and 586 cities, towns, and villages signed mutual assistance agreements for 72 hours; after the Great Hanshin Earthquake, there were 47 prefectures and more than 2,000 municipalities signed mutual assistance agreements for 72 hours. The form of anti-disaster relief has penetrated into grassroots organizations.
The second is to basically establish a cooperation mechanism for fire fighting, police and the SDF. First, we provide disaster information to each other and carry out daily collaborative exercises. Secondly, the police and fire departments near the disaster area set up special liaison personnel to coordinate the agencies near the disaster area and the disaster site work.
The third is that the Self-Defense Forces are responsible for the air transportation tasks of the police force and the fire assistance team, and the police ensure the smooth flow of the road. If the police are not on the scene, the Self-Defense Forces, firefighters can replace the police to exercise this right. The above countermeasures have strong feasibility. For example, a magnitude 7 earthquake occurred in eastern Miyagi Prefecture on May 26, 2003. Six minutes after the earthquake, the Prime Minister’s Bureau Crisis Management Center quickly set up an earthquake response room and held an emergency meeting of various government departments. Immediately afterwards, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, the Coast Guard, the Ministry of General Affairs and other departments set up countermeasure rooms or liaison rooms. More than ten minutes later, the camera helicopter of the Miyagi Prefectural Police Headquarters sent images of the disaster area in aerial photography to the prime minister’s residence. More than an hour later, the Cabinet Minister for Disaster Prevention held a press conference to announce the government’s relief measures. Compared with the Great Hanshin Earthquake, the Japanese government responded quickly and responded vigorously, fully demonstrating its administrative organization's emergency management capabilities.
Fourth, the public has strong awareness of disaster prevention and evacuation, high self-rescue and mutual rescue ability
Japan attaches great importance to emergency science popularization and education, and publicizes disaster prevention and disaster avoidance knowledge through various forms, enhances public awareness of the crisis, improves self-care capabilities, and reduces loss of life and property caused by disasters.
To commemorate the Great Kanto Earthquake on September 1, 1923, Japan designated September 1st every year as a "disaster prevention day," and August 30 to September 5 as "Disaster Prevention Training Week." During this period, through the organization of comprehensive disaster prevention drills, photo exhibitions, media campaigns, placards, lectures, simulated experiences and other ways to carry out emergency publicity activities. At the same time, January 17 of each year will be designated as the "Disaster Prevention Volunteer Activity Day" and January 15-21 will be designated as the "Disaster Prevention and Disaster Prevention Volunteer Activity Week." Encourage the public to actively participate in disaster prevention training, master correct methods for disaster prevention and avoidance, and improve self-rescue and mutual rescue capabilities.
Based on the types of disasters that are likely to occur in the region, government agencies and social organizations prepare emergency response manuals in a variety of forms, are easy to understand, and have multiple languages. They are distributed to the public free of charge, and universal disaster prevention and disaster prevention knowledge is popularized. At the same time, the community actively organized residents to make disaster prevention maps in the region. Through disaster analysis, field surveys, opinion collection, preparation of samples, group discussion, printing and distribution. To enable residents to understand the types of disasters that may occur in the region, the hazards of disasters, the location of shelters, and the correct route for evacuation, so that the disaster can be effectively dealt with in an effective manner. Japan has listed disaster prevention education in the education curriculum for elementary and middle school students. It has promoted emergency knowledge through theoretical teaching, watching movies, visiting fire schools, and participating in emergency training. It has also increased emergency awareness and trained emergency response capabilities. Simultaneously. The Ministry of Education requires schools to conduct disaster drills every semester. Through the experience, the public will experience different types of disasters and different levels of disasters, and enhance their awareness of disaster prevention: Through practice, they will master basic self-help and mutual rescue skills.
V. Emergency facilities are fully prepared for emergency protection
The first is the establishment of a full-time and part-time combined emergency response team. The full-time emergency rescue team consists of police officers, firefighters, and land self-defense teams. The part-time team is mainly a firefighting team member. Firefighters are voluntarily joined by citizens. After the government's review, they are regularly organized to attend fire schools to receive training, issue qualification certificates, and provide necessary facilities and equipment. They work in peacetime and are in urgent need of emergency. They are emergency rescue volunteers. The large number of firefighters is the backbone of disaster prevention and mutual assistance in the region. Japanese companies firefighters are formed by companies to protect their own safety. Under emergency conditions, they are also accepted by the government.
The second is complete emergency equipment . Make full use of the strong gymnasiums, classrooms, and open playgrounds and parks in primary and secondary schools to build a large number of emergency shelters. Set unified and easily recognizable “refuge signage signs” beside the street to guide the public to arrive quickly and accurately. Emergency evacuation sites. Japan's hotels, shopping malls, airports, subway stations and other public places have clear evacuation route maps, clearly indicating the current location, fire fighting equipment, shelter equipment locations and evacuation routes. The fire exits of all buildings are marked with a red inverted triangle. Once a fire breaks out, firefighters can quickly enter the building through the tunnel to rescue trapped people. Disaster prevention parks have fire-fighting helipads, medical stations, shock-proof pools, and supplies for disaster prevention supplies. Telecommunication facilities have also been established to ensure effective disaster prevention functions in times of crisis.
Third, there are many kinds of emergency supplies, enough quantity, and high quality. Japan has established a system of emergency material reserves and regular rotation. Governments at all levels and local public organizations must design a reserve point for disaster relief materials in advance, and establish a reserve bank and deployment mechanism. The shelf life of major foods and drinking water is five years, and it is generally replaced in the fourth year. The changed foods are used in various disaster prevention exercises. At the same time, Japan vigorously develops earthquake-resistant and disaster-resistant supplies. According to different uses and needs, Japan has now developed a variety of earthquake-resistant and disaster-resistant supplies. For example, an emergency kit with certain fire protection features 27 items of various types, including mineral water, long-term storage tanks for drinking water, compressed biscuits, hand-operated radios and lights, dust masks, non-slip gloves, ropes, and solids. Fuel, emergency whistle, protective cream, cotton wool and bandages. At the same time, every time comprehensive disaster prevention training is organized, the organization department will invite disaster-prevention supplies manufacturers to participate in the project. This will not only mobilize the enthusiasm of the enterprise to participate in the emergency management business, but also promote disaster-prevention supplies to the public. Due to the rapid development of the disaster prevention industry and the heightened public awareness of disaster prevention, basically every household in Japan has emergency supplies and self-rescue equipment for disaster prevention.
Sixth, forecasting and early warning and emergency communications systems are well developed
Japan relies on colleges and universities and research institutes to establish crisis management research institutes and conduct research on various issues such as crisis management, health crisis management, disaster data research, and disaster prevention and relief, and apply research results to emergency management. Using advanced monitoring and early warning technology systems to track and monitor changes in weather, geology, oceans, and transportation in real time. The daily tasks of disaster reduction departments are to record and analyze the time, place and frequency of major disasters that may occur, and to study and formulate disaster prevention plans. Regularly organize experts and relevant personnel to analyze the disaster situation and provide disaster prevention and reduction suggestions to the government. Japanese scientists installed detection equipment on a submerged two-kilometer trough and closely monitored the activities of the submarine crustal plates through satellite-based global positioning systems. Actively study the establishment of a national crisis warning system. When natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis and other emergencies occur, the relevant authorities of the Japanese government can directly use the “national crisis warning system” to warn the nationals not to pass through various levels of local governments. .
In Japan, prefectural and prefectural emergency disaster prevention headquarters headquarters have been established. The command center is equipped with a computer-controlled large-screen display that monitors the areas and cities it covers. The command center also has surveillance cameras for helicopters belonging to government and commercial television stations and police headquarters. After the disaster, all members of the local government (governors) and emergency response countermeasures headquarters will conduct disaster relief command at the command center to make the disaster emergency treatment more efficient. Since the prefectures and counties have established computer backbone networks, the information center of the Emergency Disaster Prevention Countermeasures Center is connected to its municipalities and police stations, the Self-Defense Forces, utilities, roads, and other management departments through the Internet to ensure The smooth flow of information and the implementation of relief operations. Japan's disaster prevention information network system is very strict. In addition to the use of computer network connections, they are also connected by wired dedicated lines for backup: If problems occur on the above lines, satellite monitoring GPS positioning systems are used to command disaster relief. Strive to be foolproof. The Japanese government has established a disaster-prevention communication network that covers the whole country, has complete functions, and is technologically advanced. In addition, various professional types of communication networks have been established, including water defense communication networks, emergency communication networks, police communication networks, defense communication networks, maritime security communication networks, and meteorological communication networks. First, Japan has developed a system to confirm personal safety after the occurrence of natural disasters. The function of this system is implemented by mobile phones that can access the Internet and have global positioning capabilities. The central and local disaster relief headquarters send an email confirming the security to the owner of the mobile phone through the Internet. After the mobile phone owner responds to the question by using mobile email, the location and basic status of each respondent will be displayed on the information terminal of the disaster relief headquarters. . Second, in the event of a disaster, radio frequency identification tags are affixed to the evacuated road surface. The asylum seeker can clearly know the specific location of the safe evacuation site through the portable device. If someone is buried in a rubble pile, it cannot move or call for help. Mobile phones with radio frequency identification tags will tell search and rescue personnel where they are physically located: they can also obtain relevant information through the radio frequency identification tags carried on their bodies. To accurately determine its identity. The third is the development of a wireless communication device that can be carried by a motorcycle and can serve as a temporary wireless base station. It can receive the victim's mobile phone signals, confirm their security, and pass relevant information to the ambulance personnel on the ambulance. The fourth is the use of network technology to achieve rapid emergency earthquake prediction. Specifically, it connects home and office appliances, doors, etc. to the Internet and is automatically controlled by the computer. After the seismometer captures the longitudinal waves of the source, an emergency forecast can be issued after 3 to 5 seconds. The system receives an emergency forecast. After the emergency earthquake is quickly forecasted, the fire source can be cut off immediately.
Japan has extensive theoretical and mature experience in the prevention and handling of accidents such as earthquakes, tsunami, traffic, and fire. Strengthening cooperation and exchanges between the two sides and fully drawing on Japan’s experience in emergency management concepts, forecasting and early warning, and emergency rescue have important implications for the promotion of safety production emergency management in China.