Nuclear leak accident introduction

Nuclear leakage, also known as nuclear fusion, is a serious sequelae that occurs when nuclear reactors fail. Although the nuclear energy emitted by nuclear energy leakage is far less than the nuclear weapon's power and range, it can also cause a certain degree of biological casualties.

The main reason for the leakage of nuclear energy is the failure of the core cooling system of the nuclear reactor, which leads to the malfunction of the equipment controlling radiation. Although nuclear energy leakage does not necessarily include nuclear disasters completely, it is already the biggest environmental concern on known nuclear energy applications. In addition, nuclear energy leakage may also refer to disasters that occur in the use of nuclear power to generate navigational equipment; especially submarines, but generally speaking refers to the nuclear melting event that occurred in nuclear power plants used to generate electricity. For example: Chernobyl Lee nuclear accident, accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan.

The general situation of nuclear leakage has an effect on the personnel. Nuclear radiation is also called radioactive material. Radioactive substances can be inhaled through breathing. Skin wounds and digestive tracts absorb into the body, causing internal radiation. Y radiation can be absorbed by the body through a certain distance. Causes people to be exposed to external radiation. The more radiation energy the body receives, the more severe the symptoms of its radiation sickness are, and the greater the risk of cancer and teratogenicity.

It is reported that nuclear reactor fission can produce radioactive iodine. In the event of a nuclear leak, radioactive iodine may be inhaled by residents near the nuclear power plant, causing thyroid disease, including thyroid cancer. Taking iodine tablets can prevent the body from absorbing radioactive iodine and reduce radiation damage. Thousands of adolescents suffered from thyroid cancer due to nuclear radiation after a nuclear leak at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine.

When encountering nuclear leakage, the following protective measures should be taken:

Carry a radio: Be careful to carry a battery-powered radio to listen to specific instructions at any time. Close and lock the doors and windows. Do not wear rain boots and hats: wear hats, headscarves, glasses, raincoats, gloves and boots, etc., help reduce surface radioactive contamination. Close the windows and vents: If you are required to evacuate, be careful to keep windows and vents closed; use recirculating air. If you are advised to stay indoors: turn off air conditioners, ventilation fans, boilers, and other air intakes. Go to the basement: If possible, enter the basement or other underground area. Bathe and change clothes thoroughly: If you estimate that you have been exposed to nuclear radiation: Change clothes and shoes. Put the exposed clothing in a plastic bag. Seal the plastic bag and put it in a remote place. Take a bath thoroughly. Seal the food: Place the food in a closed container or in the refrigerator. Unopened foods should be washed before being placed in containers. Don't use the phone: Do not use the phone if it is not necessary. Cover with lead plates, etc.: Take care to shield, use lead plate, steel plate or wall to block or reduce irradiation intensity. To prevent the death of five organs: When entering areas where airborne radioactive material is heavily contaminated, it is necessary to guard against facial features such as handkerchiefs, towels, fabrics, etc.

International Nuclear Incident Rating List

level	name	description	Examples
Level 0	deviation	No significance in safety
Level 1	abnormal	Abnormal conditions beyond the specified operating range may be due to equipment failure, human error, or problems with the procedures
level 2	event	Security measures obviously fail, but they still have enough defense in depth to deal with further problems. The events that led to staff doses exceeding the prescribed annual dose limit and/or events that led to significant radioactivity in areas where the design of the nuclear facility was not anticipated and required corrective action.
Level 3	Major events	Out-of-radio emissions exceed the specified limit, and those who are most exposed to the right to use are exposed to doses of the order of millisieverts. No off-site protective measures are required. Causes staff to receive intra-plant events at doses sufficient to produce acute health effects and/or events that lead to the spread of pollution. A recurrence of a problem in the security system can become an accidental event, or if something initiating occurs, the security system cannot prevent the accident.
level 4	There is no obvious accident outside the factory	Radioactivity is released outwards, leaving the most exposed individuals outside the factory to receive a dose of several millisieverts. Due to this release, off-site protective actions are generally not required except where local food control actions may be required. The nuclear device is obviously damaged. Such accidents may include damage to nuclear devices that cause major in-plant repair difficulties. Examples include partial core melting in power reactors and comparable events in reactor facilities. One or more workers are exposed to excessive exposure to early death.	The 1973 Wentzkerer reprocessing plant accident in the United Kingdom, the French Saint Laurent nuclear power plant accident in 1980, and the Buenos Aires critical plant accident in Argentina in 1983.
Level 5	Out-of-plant risk accidents	Radioactive substances are released outward (equivalent activity exceeds 1014~1015BqI-131). This release may lead to the need for partial implementation of emergency plan protection measures to reduce the possibility of health effects. Severe damage to nuclear installations may involve most of the reactor core core operations, major critical accidents or major fire or explosions that cause significant radioactive release within nuclear facilities.	The 1957 Wentzker reactor accident in the UK and the 1979 U.S. nuclear plant accident in San Francisco
Level 6	Major accident	The amount of radioactive material released to the outside (equivalent activity exceeds 1015 to 1016 BqI-131) may lead to the need for full implementation of local emergency plan protection measures to limit serious health effects.	An accident in the Soviet Union in 1957 in Kiestim aftertreatment unit (now Russia).
Level 7	Extraordinary accident	Most of the radioactive material of large nuclear devices (such as power reactor cores) is released to the outside and typically should include mixtures of long-lived and short-lived radioactive fission products (quantitatively, the equivalent activity exceeds 1016BqI-131). This release may have acute health effects; there are chronic health effects in large areas (which may involve more than one country); there are long-term environmental consequences.	The Soviet Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (now Ukraine) accident in 1986.